Rwanda’s First PhD Radiologist: Innovating Medicine and Imaging Policy

A Journey of Dedication and Innovation in Radiology

Dr. Theonille Mukabagorora has carved a unique path in the field of radiology, becoming Rwanda’s first and only radiologist with a PhD. Her work is not just about medical imaging; it is a testament to her dedication to improving healthcare access and quality in her country. Through long hours, difficult decisions, and an unwavering belief in the importance of healthcare, she has made significant contributions to her field.

Early Life and Education

Born in Kayonza District, Rwanda, Dr. Mukabagorora is the youngest and only daughter among four siblings. Her father passed away in 2017 at the age of 92, and her mother is now 79. She completed her primary education at Ruramira Primary School and secondary studies at Groupe Scolaire de Gahini. Before enrolling at Kigali Health Institute (now part of the University of Rwanda – CMHS) in 2006, she worked as an executive secretary in the former Rukira sector. She earned a diploma in medical imaging in 2009 and later pursued further studies in Uganda, earning both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree. On September 2, 2025, she earned a PhD in Medical Imaging, specializing in vascular sonography, from the University of Pretoria.

Since 2016, she has served as an academic at the University of Rwanda, initially coordinating research and community outreach activities before transitioning to focus on her doctoral studies. Over the past four years, she has also contributed to national health policy, strategic planning, and the development of imaging guidelines.

Inspiration and Challenges

Dr. Mukabagorora entered the medical imaging program without knowing what the field entailed. Coming from a rural background, she was familiar with nursing and laboratory sciences but was encouraged to stay by a registrar who highlighted the need for local capacity in imaging. This experience sparked a passion that continues to drive her today.

Becoming the first radiographer in Rwanda to earn a PhD in the medical imaging and radiology field was both challenging and rewarding. This achievement reflects years of hard work, resilience, and the support of mentors and peers. It also represents a commitment to inspiring future generations and advancing the profession.

Support and Influence

Throughout her journey, Dr. Mukabagorora has been influenced by several individuals. Jean Baptiste Ndahiriwe, who helped connect her with study opportunities in Uganda, played a crucial role. Prof. Michael Grace Kawooya at ECUREI, Dr. Zeridah Muyinda, and her PhD supervisors at the University of Pretoria were also instrumental in shaping her career. Her husband and children have been her greatest source of strength.

Evolution of Radiology in Rwanda

Radiology in Rwanda has seen significant progress over the past two decades. Initially limited to diploma-level training, the field has expanded with the launch of the Radiology Residency Programme in 2016, which has graduated 11 radiologists. Radiographer training has advanced to the bachelor’s level, enabling graduates to perform ultrasound and interpret general radiographic images. The number of CT units and MRI machines has increased, reflecting growing private investment.

Role of Sonography in Healthcare

Sonography plays a critical role in diagnosing and screening non-communicable diseases such as cancers, heart conditions, and vascular disorders. It is also vital in maternal healthcare, monitoring pregnancies and detecting complications early. The World Health Organisation recommends at least one scan before 24 weeks to improve pregnancy outcomes.

Future of Radiology Education

Dr. Mukabagorora envisions launching master’s programmes for radiographers and sonographers. Eight Rwandan students are currently completing master’s degrees at ECUREI, thanks to partnerships that make tuition more affordable. Expanding such programmes locally and creating pathways to PhD-level training is essential for Rwanda to become a regional leader in radiology education.

Research and Innovations

Her research began with a community outreach programme at Nyabugogo car park, where she screened 86 individuals and found 22 with abnormalities. More recently, her PhD research focused on developing a screening tool for carotid atherosclerosis, aiming to support timely diagnosis and reduce stroke risk through early intervention.

Addressing Gaps and Innovations

A key gap in radiology expertise in Rwanda is the absence of a centralised coordination unit within the Ministry of Health. Creating a similar structure would help harmonise imaging services nationwide, improve quality control, and ensure efficient use of resources.

Dr. Mukabagorora is eager to introduce innovations in sonography, such as the integration of artificial intelligence into ultrasound systems, hybrid imaging techniques, and portable high-resolution devices. These technologies can expand access in remote areas and improve diagnostic accuracy.

Supporting Professionals

Universities, hospitals, and policymakers can support radiology professionals by investing in sustainable education, modern infrastructure, and continuous development. Establishing strong regulatory frameworks and promoting policies that improve working conditions and career advancement is essential.

Navigating Gender Challenges

Radiology remains a male-dominated field, and Dr. Mukabagorora has faced challenges as a married woman with children. Balancing professional demands with family responsibilities required careful time management, but her vision, passion, and perseverance carried her through.

Advice for Young Professionals

For young Rwandans pursuing radiography or sonography, Dr. Mukabagorora advises approaching the journey with dedication and a passion for patient care. Building a strong foundation in both theory and practice is essential, as these fields are highly operator-dependent. She encourages women to aim high and consider pursuing a PhD, as it is achievable with determination and support.