The Rise of Extended Presidential Tenures in Africa
Africa is witnessing a significant shift in its political landscape, one that contrasts sharply with the democratic advancements of the 1990s. This new era is marked by a trend of extending presidential tenures, which democracy advocates warn could undermine governance if not carefully monitored.
Nigeria’s Ongoing Debate on Term Limits
In Nigeria, the debate over how long a president should serve has been a recurring theme. Proposals for a single, non-renewable six-year term have resurfaced multiple times, with supporters arguing that it would allow leaders to focus on governance rather than constant campaigning. However, these proposals often face resistance from various factions within the political system.
The 2024 proposal aimed at harmonizing elections and ensuring equitable power rotation among geopolitical zones was ultimately rejected by the House of Representatives. Despite this, the idea persisted, with figures like former Vice President Atiku Abubakar and Labour Party candidate Peter Obi advocating for a single five-year term. They pointed to South Korea as an example of a similar model.
This debate echoes the controversial “third-term agenda” during former President Olusegun Obasanjo’s tenure in 2006, which sparked widespread protests and eventually led to the abandonment of the effort.
Benin’s Constitutional Overhaul
Benin recently underwent a constitutional overhaul, extending the presidential term from five to seven years. The National Assembly also introduced a Senate, transforming the legislature into a bicameral body. Supporters argue that this change will provide leaders with more time to implement long-term policies without the disruptions of frequent elections.
However, critics warn that longer terms may reduce democratic accountability and risk consolidating power. The timing of the reforms, just before the 2026 election, has raised concerns about whether they are designed to ensure continued influence for President Patrice Talon’s allies.
Cameroon’s Long-standing Presidency
Cameroon exemplifies the challenges of extended presidencies. President Paul Biya, now 92, has ruled since 1982, thanks to a 2008 constitutional amendment that removed term limits. His recent re-election in 2025 has intensified accusations of constitutional capture and deepened fears of political stagnation.
The election results were disputed, with opposition candidate Issa Tchiroma Bakary declaring himself the winner and calling for nationwide protests. His subsequent flight to Gambia highlights the tensions surrounding electoral integrity in the region.
Uganda and Egypt: Further Examples
Uganda and Egypt also illustrate the trend of extending presidential terms. In Uganda, term limits were abolished in 2005, and the age limit for the presidency was removed in 2017. In Egypt, a 2019 referendum extended the presidential term to six years, allowing President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi to potentially remain in office until 2030.
Development vs Democracy
The debate over term limits often centers on the balance between development and democracy. ECOWAS Commissioner Amb Abdel-Fatau Musah argued that four-year mandates may be too short to initiate major developmental programs. However, this perspective alarms democracy advocates who fear that extended terms without strong checks and balances could lead to concentrated, unaccountable power.
The Dangers of Extension Mentality
Nigerians and other Africans are increasingly concerned about the “extension mentality” creeping across the continent. Senator Shehu Sani warned that such trends represent a form of authoritarianism that could lead to instability. Retired diplomats like Amb Rasheed Akinkuolie echoed these concerns, noting that clinging to power can lead to violent outcomes, as seen in the Ivory Coast and Togo.
Amb Mohammed Mabdul highlighted the importance of democratic elements such as multi-party systems, fixed electoral mandates, and independent judiciaries. He emphasized that reversing the trend of extended presidencies requires regional sanctions, united opposition coalitions, and strong international election observers.
Conclusion
The extension of presidential tenures in African countries raises critical questions about the future of democracy on the continent. While some argue that longer terms are necessary for development, others warn of the risks of unaccountable power. As the region continues to navigate these challenges, the balance between stability and democratic principles remains a central concern.
