Mpox: A Persistent Public Health Challenge in Nigeria
Mpox, an infectious viral disease that can affect both humans and animals, continues to circulate in Nigeria, presenting a significant public health challenge. Despite progress in managing the outbreak, several obstacles remain, including limited access to vaccines for high-risk populations, poor awareness, misconceptions, stigma, and inadequate healthcare access.
This issue was discussed during a webinar titled “Mpox Resurgence in Nigeria: Efforts, Challenges and Recommendations,” hosted by Pharm Adekola Wojuola, CEO of Preventive Health Nigeria Advocacy Operations Ltd. The event brought together experts to address the ongoing concerns surrounding Mpox and explore ways to improve response strategies.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is characterized by symptoms such as a painful rash, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, muscle aches, back pain, and fatigue. The virus spreads through close contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects, and it can also occur during pregnancy or childbirth.
Prof. Isaac Adewole, former Minister of Health and Senior Health Diplomacy and Policy Consultant at Africa CDC, highlighted the current situation in Nigeria. As of week 47 in 2025, there were 1,623 suspected cases, with 414 confirmed cases and six deaths across 33 states. While no new deaths had been reported recently, four states remained unconfirmed. Adewole emphasized that Mpox can be transmitted by individuals without visible rashes, urging people not to avoid those with skin eruptions.
The professor also noted that certain groups, such as children, pregnant individuals, and those with weakened immune systems, are more vulnerable to severe symptoms. Lagos, Rivers, and Bayelsa were identified as key states requiring heightened vigilance.
Adewole stressed the importance of prevention, stating that while there is no specific treatment for Mpox, supportive care should be provided if prevention fails. He recommended avoiding close contact with infected individuals, staying away from potentially infected animals, protecting healthcare workers, practicing good hygiene, and using vaccines for those at higher risk.
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) has revised its national Mpox guidelines, introducing a home-based care and isolation protocol to reduce hospital burdens. However, challenges such as resource limitations, vaccine access, stigma, and misinformation continue to hinder efforts.
Adewole called for collective action from all stakeholders, emphasizing that no state is immune to the virus. He urged the government, non-governmental organizations, and other partners to work together to address the ongoing public health challenge.
Dr. Sebastian Oiwoh, a Consultant Physician and Dermatologist at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, shared insights on managing Mpox cases from clinical to community levels. He highlighted the long-term effects of the disease, including cutaneous sequelae, pigmentations, and scars, which may persist for months or years after recovery.
Oiwoh noted that Mpox can lead to psychological and mental health issues, emphasizing the need for comprehensive care beyond physical treatment. He also warned about the risk of eye involvement, which could result in blindness if not treated promptly.
Home-based care for mild cases requires specific conditions, including a separate space for patients. This approach relies on strong linkage with primary healthcare services. Oiwoh also stressed the importance of proper lesion care, advising against the use of antiseptics due to the risk of adverse reactions.
Some recovered patients have been trained as “Mpox champions” to support community awareness efforts. These individuals share their experiences to encourage vaccination and reduce stigma.
Professor Richard Adegbola, a Microbiologist and Bacterial Infection expert, highlighted that Mpox remains a global emergency, with Africa accounting for a significant portion of the outbreak. He noted that the case fatality rate is manageable but higher in underserved areas, where pediatric cases are increasing due to household transmission.
Adegbola recommended integrated disease surveillance, expanded genomic sequencing, improved case management, and a national vaccination strategy targeting high-risk groups. He also called for proactive public education and increased clinical trials in Africa to enhance response efforts.
He emphasized the need for sustained funding, laboratory reagent supply, and community awareness beyond urban areas. Adegbola advocated for a one-health approach that integrates animal, human, and environmental health to achieve sustainable development goals.
The webinar concluded with a focus on early diagnosis, proper lesion care, mental health support, and survivor-led advocacy as essential components in reducing the spread and stigma associated with Mpox.
